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ELECTRICITY
1 CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR WITH ELECTRIC PENDULUMS
2 ELECTRIC CARILLON
3 CAVENDISH-BECCARIA ELECTRIC HOLLOW GLOBE
4 LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS
5 LEYDEN JARS
6 BATTERY OF NINE LEYDEN JARS
7 LUMINOUS LEYDEN JAR
8 LANE'S MICROMETRICAL SPARK GAP WITH LEYDEN JAR
9 FRANKLIN'S BATTERY
10 EPINOUS'S CONDENSER
11 DISCHARGER
12 DISCHARGER
13 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGER WITH DOUBLE FORK
14 MASCART'S INSULATORS
15 VOLTA'S PISTOL
16 VOLTA'S PISTOL (2 PIECES)
17 PITH-BALL AND GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPES
18 BOHNENBERGER'S ELECTROSCOPE
19 BOHNENBERGER'S ELECTROSCOPE
20 PELTIER'S ATMOSPHERIC ELECTROMETER
21 PELTIER'S ATMOSPHERIC ELECTROMETER
22 HENLY'S ELECTROMETER
23 ELECTROSTATIC BALANCE
24 THOMSON-MASCART'S QUADRANT ELECTROMETER
25 WINTER'S PLATE ELECTRICAL MACHINE
26 ACCESSORIES OF THE WINTER'S MACHINE
27 SPIRAL FULMINATING TUBE
28 HOLTZ'S ELECTROSTATIC INFLUENCE MACHINE
29 ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE WITH SELF-EXCITATION TOPLER-VOSS
30 POTASSIUM BICHROMATE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
31 NOBILI'S PORTABLE GALVANOMETER
32 ASTATIC GALVANOMETER
33 MELLONI'S THERMOMULTIPLIER
34 UNIVERSAL MEASURING DEVICE, MOVING COIL TYPE
35 AMPERE'S APPARATUS
36 MAGNETIC SPARKLER
37 INSTRUMENTS OF NOBILI'S "ELECTROMAGNETIC BOX"
38 BARLOW'S WHEEL [1]
39 SMALL CONTAINER WITH TWO VERTICAL WIRES [2]
40 SMALL CONTAINER WITH TWO HORIZONTAL WIRES [3]
41 FARADAY'S DEVICE FOR THE CONTINUOUS CIRCUIT [4]
42 DEVICE FOR SHOWING THE DIRECTIVE ACTION OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD ON VERTICAL CURRENTS
43 DEVICE FOR SHOWING THE CONTINUOUS ROTATION OF A MOVING CIRCUIT BY MEANS OF A FIXED CIRCULAR CURRENT
44 MATTEUCCI'S SPIRAL PLATES INDUCTION DEVICE
45 LITTLE MEDICAL INDUCTION COIL WITH MANUAL CONTACT-BREAKER (WHEEL TYPE)
46 LITTLE MEDICAL INDUCTION COIL WITH HAMMER-BREAKER (HORSESHOE-SHAPED ELECTROMAGNET TYPE)
47 INDUCTION COIL
48 INDUCTION COIL WITH PLATINUM AND MERCURY CONTACT-BREAKERS
49 INDUCTION COIL WITH SPARK GAP AND FOUCAULT CONTACT-BREAKER
50 INDUCTION COIL
51 DE LA RIVE INDUCTION COIL
52 BOURBOUZE'S ELECTROMOTOR
53 CLARKE'S MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE
54 MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE FOR ELECTROTHERAPY
55 VOLTAIC ARC WITH MANUAL ADJUSTMENT
56 ELECTRIC EGG
57 DE LA RIVE'S ELECTRIC EGG
58 GENERAL VIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE WITH DEVICES FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION
59 RIGHI'S THREE SPARKS OSCILLATOR
60 COUPLE OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER TELEPHONES WITH WHISTLE CALLING
61 FOUR TELEPHONES BELL-TYPE
62 TWO TELEPHONES BELL-TYPE
63 RIGHI'S TELEPHONE RECEIVER
64 RIGHI'S MICROPHONE
65 PNEUMATIC TELEGRAPHS (DIAL TYPE)
66 SKINWIRE FOR TELEGRAPHIC LINES
67 MORSE'S RECORDING TELEGRAPH WITH KEY

OUR COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

ELECTRICITY




Magnetic sparkler Calamita scintillante
Subject: electromagnetism/manual electric spark generator Settore: elettromagnetismo/generatore manuale di scintille elettriche
Number of catalogue: 271 Numero di inventario: 271
Unsigned, probably made by Corrado Wolf Non firmato, prob. Corrado Wolf
Florence 1847; [historical inventory, 1860] Periodo di costruzione: Firenze 1847 [inventario storico,1860]
Wood, brass, iron, copper Materiali utilizzati: Legno, ottone, ferro, rame

295 X 145 X 170 [mm]

Dimensioni: 295 X 145 X 170 [mm]
   
This instrument, which was projected and first built by physicists Leopoldo Nobili (1784-1835) and Vincenzo Antinori (1792-1865), is to be historically included among the first magneto-electric machines that were created when the discovery of electromagnetic induction, made by Faraday in November 1831, became public. This machine was then followed by Pixii's, Newman's, Saxton's, and Clarke's models. For their creation, Nobili and Antinori were inspired by a short article published on December 28, 1831 in the French newspaper "Le Temps" in which Faraday's discovery was announced and in which, simultaneously, it was reported that Faraday had achieved a "magnetic" spark by means of a rudimentary ring transformer. The "electric magnet", whose building principle was substantially different from the one suggested by Faraday, was projected and created in January 1832 most likely at the "Imperial Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History" of Florence, as may be deduced from the reading of a memoir by Nobili and Antinori distributed from the Museum on January 31, 1832. The novelty of the device consisted of the production of electric sparks with procedures that differed from the traditional mechanisms based on electrostatic machines and on voltaic piles. With this device the physicist Giuseppe Domenico Botto (1791-1865) of Turin was able to obtain the electrolysis of water. The instrument was then improved with a more powerful machine, which was called the "connected magnet machine" (magnetic sparkler), and which consisted of two horseshoe-shaped magnets and in which the rotor was moved, by means of a crank, between the poles of the magnets.
Questo apparecchio, ideato e costruito per la prima volta dai fisici Leopoldo Nobili (1784-1835) e Vincenzo Antinori (1792-1865), è da annoverare, storicamente, tra le primissime macchine magneto-elettriche realizzate subito dopo l'annuncio della scoperta dell'induzione elettromagnetica fatta dal Faraday nel novembre del 1831. Essa precedette i modelli di Pixii, Newman, Saxton e Clarke. Nella loro realizzazione Nobili e Antinori furono stimolati da un breve articolo apparso il 28 dicembre 1831 sul giornale francese "Le Temps" in cui si annunciava la scoperta del Faraday e contemporaneamente si esaltava l'ottenimento, da parte di questi, di una scintilla "magnetica" tramite un rudimentale trasformatore ad anello. La "calamita elettrica", la cui concezione costruttiva era sostanzialmente diversa da quella proposta dal Faraday, fu ideata e realizzata nel gennaio del 1832 con ogni probabilità presso l'Imperial Regio Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale di Firenze, come si evince dalla lettura di una memoria di Nobili e Antinori spedita da quel Museo il 31 gennaio 1832. La novità del dispositivo consisteva nella produzione di scintille elettriche con modalità diverse rispetto a quelle allora note, fornite dalle comuni macchine elettrostatiche o dalle pile voltaiche. Con questo apparato il fisico torinese Giuseppe Domenico Botto (1791-1865) riuscì ad ottenere l'elettrolisi dell'acqua. Esso fu in seguito perfezionato con un modello più potente, detto a "calamite conjugate", costituito da due magneti a ferro di cavallo in cui l'indotto si muoveva, mediante una manovella, nello spazio compreso tra i poli dei due magneti.
   
Description: A horseshoe-shaped nickel-plated iron magnet is vertically fixed through a brass jaw onto a black painted wooden base with a rectangular section; the magnet consists of three thick elements that are held in the upper part by a brass coupling. A brass lever, which rotates by means of a wooden handle, has on one extremity a soft iron anchor that is placed vertically so that its extremities coincide with the poles of the magnet and so that they remain attracted while they are brought closer to one another. The small bar is wrapped in the middle by a coil of copper wires insulated by green silk (lacking in many parts of the coil), which has on its top a thin sheet of steel extending just above the magnet and electrically connected with one extremity of the coil; the other extremity is electrically connected through a rheofore (now lacking) fixed on the brass coupling.
Descrizione: su una base in legno a sezione rettangolare verniciata in nero, è fissata verticalmente, tramite una ganascia d'ottone, una calamita a ferro di cavallo in ferro nichelato composta da tre spessi elementi trattenuti superiormente da un manicotto d'ottone. Un leva d'ottone, ruotante orizzontalmente tramite un manico di legno, reca ad una estremità un'ancora di ferro dolce disposta verticalmente in modo che i suoi estremi coincidano con i poli magnetici della calamita e rimangano attratti nell'atto dell'avvicinamento. Centralmente la sbarretta è avvolta da una bobina di filo di rame isolato da seta verde (mancante in molti punti della bobina) portante sulla sua sommità una lamina flessibile d'acciaio che si estende appena al di sopra della calamita e connessa elettricamente ad un estremo della bobina; l'altro estremo era collegato elettricamente con la calamita mediante un reoforo (mancante) fissato sul manicotto d'ottone.
   
Function: by exploiting the opening or closing extra current produced by the rapid junction and disjunction of the soft iron anchor with the magnet, small electric sparks are created in the point of interruption of the sheet-magnet circuit.
Funzionamento: sfruttando l'extracorrente di apertura o di chiusura prodotta dal rapido attacco o distacco dell'ancora di ferro dolce con il magnete, si generano, nel punto di interruzione del circuito lamina-calamita, piccole scintille elettriche.
   
Bibliography: Nobili, Antinori [January 1832], vol. I, pp. 207-218; Nobili, Antinori [November 1832], vol. I, p. 280.
Bibliografia: Nobili, Antinori [Gennaio 1832], Vol. I, pp. 207-218; Nobili, Antinori [Novembre 1832], Vol. I, p. 280.

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